OVERVIEW

Influenza, or flu, is a respiratory infection. The most familiar aspect of the flu is the way it can "knock you off your feet" as it sweeps through entire communities.

The flu differs in several ways from the common cold, a respiratory infection also caused by viruses. For example, people with colds rarely get fevers or headaches or suffer from the extreme exhaustion that flu viruses cause.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates 5 to 20 percent of Americans come down with the flu during each flu season, which typically lasts from November to March. Children are two to three times more likely than adults to get sick with the flu, and children frequently spread the virus to others. Although most people recover from the illness, CDC estimates that in the United States more than 200,000 people are hospitalized and about 36,000 people die from the flu and its complications every year.

Flu outbreaks

Flu outbreaks usually begin suddenly and occur mainly in the late fall and winter. The disease spreads through communities creating an epidemic. During the epidemic, the number of cases peaks in about 3 weeks and subsides after another 3 or 4 weeks. Half of the population of a community may be affected. Because schools are an excellent place for flu viruses to attack and spread, families with school-age children have more infections than other families, with an average of one-third of family members infected each year.

Importance of flu

In addition to the rapid start of the outbreaks and the large number of people affected, the flu is an important disease because it can cause serious complications. Most people who get the flu get better within a week (although they may have a lingering cough and tire easily for a while longer). For elderly people, newborn babies, and people with certain chronic illnesses, however, the flu and its complications can be life-threatening.

CAUSE

Flu is caused by a variety of influenza viruses. Researchers identified the first virus in the 1930s. Since then, they have classified influenza viruses into types A, B, and C.

· Type A is the most common and usually causes the most serious epidemics.

· Type B outbreaks also can cause epidemics, but the disease it produces generally is milder than that caused by type A.

· Type C viruses, on the other hand, never have been connected with a large epidemic.

TRANSMISSION

You can get the flu if someone around you who has the flu coughs or sneezes. You can get the flu simply by touching a surface like a telephone or door knob that has been contaminated by a touch from someone who has the flu. The viruses can pass through the air and enter your body through your nose or mouth. If you've touched a contaminated surface, they can pass from your hand to your nose or mouth.

You are at greatest risk of getting infected in highly populated areas, such as in crowded living conditions and in schools.

FLU SYMPTOMS

If you get infected by the flu virus, you will usually feel symptoms 1 to 4 days later. You can spread the flu to others before your symptoms start and for another 3 to 4 days after your symptoms appear. The symptoms start very quickly and may include

· Body aches

· Chills

· Dry cough

· Fever

· Headache

· Sore throat

· Stuffy nose

Typically, the fever begins to decline on the second or third day of the illness. The flu almost never causes symptoms in the stomach and intestines. The illness that some call "stomach flu" is not influenza.

DIAGNOSIS

Usually, health care providers diagnose the flu on the basis of whether it is epidemic in the community and whether the person's complaints fit the current pattern of symptoms. Health care providers rarely use laboratory tests to identify the virus during an epidemic. Health officials, however, monitor certain U.S. health clinics and do laboratory tests to determine which type of flu virus is responsible for the epidemic.

FLU TREATMENT

Many people treat their flu by simply

· Resting in bed

· Drinking plenty of fluids

· Taking over-the-counter medicine such as aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol, for example)

COMPLICATIONS

You can have flu complications if you get a bacterial infection, which can cause pneumonia in your weakened lungs. Pneumonia also can be caused by the flu virus itself.

Complications usually appear after you start feeling better. After a brief period of improvement, you may suddenly get these symptoms

· High fever

· Shaking chills

· Chest pain with each breath

· Coughing that produces thick, yellow-greenish-colored mucus

Medicine for Flu Treatment

If you do get the flu and want to take medicine to treat it, your health care provider may prescribe an antiviral medicine.

· Tamiflu (oseltamivir) is for treating influenza A and B virus infections in adults and children 1 year and older.

· Relenza (zanamivir) is for treating influenza A and B virus infections in children 7 years and older and adults who have an uncomplicated flu infection and who have had symptoms for no more than 2 days.

To work well, you must take these medicines within 48 hours after the flu begins. They reduce the length of time fever and other symptoms last and allow you to more quickly return to your daily routine.

NOTE: Because of influenza A virus resistance to rimantadine and amantadine, CDC currently recommends that you not take these medicines to treat the flu.

Do not give aspirin to children and adolescents who have the flu.

Do not take antibiotics to treat the flu because they do not work on viruses.
Antibiotics only work against some infections caused by bacteria.

PREVENTION

Flu Vaccine

The main way to keep from getting the flu is to get a yearly flu vaccine. You can get the vaccine at your doctor's office or a local clinic, and in many communities at workplaces, supermarkets, and drugstores. You must get the vaccine every year because it changes.

Scientists make a different vaccine every year because the strains of flu viruses change from year to year. Nine to 10 months before the flu season begins, they prepare a new vaccine made from inactivated (killed) flu viruses. Because the viruses have been killed, they cannot infect you. The vaccine preparation is based on the strains of the flu viruses that are in circulation at the time. It includes those A and B viruses (see section on types of flu viruses) expected to circulate the following winter.

Sometimes, an unpredicted new strain may appear after the vaccine has been made and distributed to doctors' offices and clinics. Because of this, even if you do get the flu vaccine, you still may get infected. If you do get infected, however, the disease usually is milder because the vaccine will still give you some protection.

Your immune system takes time to respond to the flu vaccine. Therefore, you should get vaccinated every year in October or November to prevent getting infected or reduce the severity of the flu if you do get it. Because the flu season usually lasts until March, however, it's not too late to get it after the season has begun. The vaccine itself cannot cause the flu, but you could become exposed to the virus by someone else and get infected soon after you are vaccinated.

Until recently, you could get the flu vaccine only as an injection (shot). In 2003, however, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved a nasal spray flu vaccine called FluMist that you can get from your health care provider. FDA approved it for use in healthy people aged 5 to 49 years who are not pregnant.

Because the flu vaccine can cause problems, or side effects, in some people, CDC recommends you talk with your health care provider before getting a flu vaccine shot or nasal spray flu vaccine.

Possible side effects

You should be aware that the flu vaccine can cause side effects. The most common side effect in children and adults is soreness at the site of the vaccination. Other side effects, especially in children who previously have not been exposed to the flu virus, include fever, tiredness, and sore muscles. These side effects may begin 6 to 12 hours after vaccination and may last for up to 2 days.

Viruses for producing the vaccine are grown in chicken eggs and then killed with a chemical so that they can no longer cause an infection. The flu vaccine may contain some egg protein, which can cause an allergic reaction if you are allergic to eggs.

Vaccine recommendations

If you are in any of the following groups or live in a household with or provide care for someone who is, CDC recommends that you get the flu vaccine.

· You are 50 years of age or older

· You have chronic diseases of your heart, lungs, or kidneys

· You have diabetes

· Your immune system does not function properly

· You have a severe form of anemia

· You will be more than 3 months pregnant during the flu season

· You live in a nursing home or other chronic-care housing facility

· You are in close contact with infants or children up to 5 years of age

CDC recommends children from age 6 months up to their fifth birthday get the flu vaccine.

Medicine for Prevention

Although the flu vaccine is the best way to prevent getting the flu, two antiviral medicines also are available by prescription that will help prevent flu infection-Tamiflu (oseltamivir) and Relenza (zanamivir).

· These medicines help prevent the flu if you take them for at least 2 weeks during the outbreak of flu in your community.

· You may use these medicines if you are in close contact with family members or others who have the flu.

· You may use them if you are in close contact with people who have been vaccinated but whom you want to give added protection from getting the flu.

· You may use them immediately following flu vaccination during a flu epidemic to protect you during the 2- to 4-week period before antibodies develop or when a flu epidemic is caused by virus strains other than those covered by the vaccine. (Antibodies are proteins from your immune system that protect you from the flu virus.)

NOTE: Because of influenza A virus resistance to rimantadine and amantadine, CDC currently recommends that you not take these medicines to prevent flu.

Your health care provider can help you decide which medicine is best for you. You should discuss the flu vaccine and medicines with your health care provider before the flu season begins.

Healthy habits

Good health habits are also important to help prevent the flu.

· Wash your hands often to help protect you from germs.

· Avoid close contact with people who are sick, if possible.

· Keep your distance from others when you are sick, to protect them from becoming infected.

· Stay home from work, school, and errands when you are sick, if possible, to help prevent others from catching your illness.

· Cover your mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing or sneezing.
Keep your hands away from your eyes, nose, or mouth. Germs are often spread when you touch something that is contaminated with them and then touch your eyes, nose, or mouth.

COMPLICATIONS

You can have flu complications if you get a bacterial infection, which can cause pneumonia in your weakened lungs. Pneumonia also can be caused by the flu virus itself.

Complications usually appear after you start feeling better. After a brief period of improvement, you may suddenly get these symptoms

· High fever

· Shaking chills

· Chest pain with each breath

· Coughing that produces thick, yellow-greenish-colored mucus

Pneumonia can be a very serious and sometimes life-threatening condition. If you have any of these symptoms, you should contact your health care provider immediately to get the appropriate treatment.

Flu complications in children and teenagers

Reye's syndrome, a condition that affects the nerves, sometimes develops in children and teenagers who are recovering from the flu. Reye's syndrome begins with nausea and vomiting, but the progressive mental changes (such as confusion or delirium) cause the greatest concern.

The syndrome often begins in young people after they take aspirin to get rid of fever or pain. Although very few children develop Reye's syndrome, you should consult a health care provider before giving aspirin or products that contain aspirin to children. Acetaminophen does not seem to be connected with Reye's syndrome.

Other complications of the flu that can affect children are

· Convulsions caused by fever

· Croup

· Ear infections, such as otitis media

Newborn babies recently out of intensive care units are particularly vulnerable to suffering from flu complications.

Bird Flu Facts

The influenza virus has always claimed lots of lives throughout time. There was a time during the early 1900’s where lots of people died from the simple flu. That’s why currently, health organizations around the world tries to prevent outbreaks happening all over again.

The current virus that all the world health organizations are worrying about is the avian flu virus most commonly known as the bird flu virus. This virus has not affected a whole lot of persons yet, but why takes the chance?

We have always heard lots of birds getting killed and burned to prevent the avian flu virus from spreading. But what are its symptoms really? How will we know if we have been afflicted or not? This article aims to give a brief overview of the bird flu.

Scientists haven’t been able to know exactly the exact effects of bird flu virus on humans. However what is sure is that the highly pathogenic virus that can cause the most serious problems, such as deaths to humans.

The incubation period of the virus on humans is also not yet clear. In most case of people who have been affected by Bird Flu, the illness developed within one to five days after being exposed to the virus.

It is hard to know if the person already has bird flu because sometimes it is only conductivities or eye infection that appears. Often though, the signs of bird flu’s often resemble the signs of common flues. That makes it harder to identify because you will not know if you have bird flu. The common symptoms are muscle aches, fever, sore throat and coughing.

In worst cases that cause deaths, the person infected will develop acute respiratory diseases and viral pneumonia.

One of the main reasons that bird flu will seem to spread to humans is due to contact to a bird that has been infected. That’s why people who handle a lot of birds should learn to avoid birds that are sick or the places those sick birds have contaminated.

Currently, the only cure for bird flu is a vaccine called TamiFlu. TamiFlu is a neuraminidase inhibitor that prevents the virus to escape the host cell. TamiFlu has really not yet been tested fully to find out how effective it has been. Relenza may also be considered as an alternative.

The drugs should be taken immediately two days after the symptoms have developed.